Authors

Gesche Kolle,1,* Thomas Metterlein,1,2,* Michael Gruber,1 Timo Seyfried,1 Walter Petermichl,1 Sophie-Marie Pfaehler,1 Diane Bitzinger,1 Sigrid Wittmann,1 and Andre Bredthauer1

Affiliations

1Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg (Germany); 2Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum Ansbach, Ansbach (Germany)

Topic

Immunology, Medical Research

Abstract

"Introduction
Local anesthetics (LAs) are frequently used during anesthesia; however, they may influence granulocyte function which in turn could modify immune responses in the perioperative period. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of clinically used doses of bupivacaine and lidocaine on granulocyte function with regard to migration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis) formation, and viability.

Methods
A total of 38 granulocyte-enriched samples from healthy subjects were obtained by whole blood lysis. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) samples were incubated simultaneously with different concentrations of either bupivacaine (0.03–3.16 mmol/L) or lidocaine (0.007–14.21 mmol/L), or without drug (control). Live cell imaging was conducted in order to observe granulocyte chemotaxis, migration, ROS production, and NETosis. Flow cytometry was used to analyze viability and antigen expression.

Results
The track length (TL) of PMNs exposed to bupivacaine concentrations of 0.16 mmol/L and above significantly decreased compared to the control. Low concentrations of lidocaine were associated with slight but significant increases in TL, whereas this changed with concentrations above 1.4 mmol/L, showing a significant decrease in TL. PMN incubated with bupivacaine concentrations of 1.58 mmol/L and above or lidocaine concentrations of at least 3.6 mmol/L showed no migration or chemotaxis at all. Time to onset of maximal ROS production and time for half-maximal NETosis decreased in a dose-dependent manner for both substances. Equipotency in NETosis induction was reached by bupivacaine (1.1 mmol/L) at significantly lower concentrations than lidocaine (7.96 mmol/L). Cell viability and oxidative burst were unaffected by LAs.

Conclusion
Local anesthetics in clinically used doses ameliorate granulocyte defense mechanisms, thus indicating their potentially decisive effect during the perioperative period.

https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FJIR.S275525

Extract

Live cell imaging was done using a Leica DMi8 microscope in combination with a motorized adjustable microscope stage, a Leica DFC9000 camera and a pE-4000 light source (CoolLED, NY, USA).

Product Associated Features

Multi-stain live cell fluorescence imaging was applied in a time-lapse over 8 hours, as part of the analysis of granulocyte activity. The pE-4000 Universal Illumination System is ideal for this application, offering 16 selectable wavelengths from 365 - 770 nm, which covers a wide variety of fluorophores including DHR-123 and DAPI as used here. Software integration also allows the possibility to expose samples only during image acquisition, reducing photodamage over long time-lapse sequences.

Product Type

pE-4000

Journal

J. Inflamm. Res.

Year of Publication

2021

Country of Publication

Germany